Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dierum XV supplicatio decreta est, quod ante id tempus accidit nulli. New York. Hostes impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt; per eorum corpora reliquos audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum reppulerunt primosque, qui transierant, equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperaverat, ignibus significatione facta, ex proximis castellis eo concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita acriter est ut a viris fortibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes consisteret. His datis mandatis eum a se dimittit. The Remi also tell Caesar the leaders of the various enemy groups and the numbers of troops under their command. Quickly Caesar sends archers and slingers, and the Remi rejoice. Caesar's Gallic Wars Book One By: David Brown Caesar destroys the quarter of the Helvetian force by surprising them while they are crossing a river Ceasar's legions finally meet the Helvetians in an open battle on a mountain in the Aedui territory. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat milia passuum VIII. constitisset, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce Boduognato, qui summam imperii tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt; quorum pars ab aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars summum castrorum locum petere coepit. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting local armies in Gaul that opposed… Meanwhile, some of the Belgae and Gauls, who had earlier surrendered, escape to the Nervii and report that Caesar's baggage travels between legions. Flight is less easy than the enemy imagined and, confused by the noises from their rear, they flee chaotically. Cautiously, the enemy waits to see if Caesar's troops will cross the marsh separating the two armies, but the general waits, hoping to strike the enemy as they cross over for battle. This is, of course, much earlier than anyone expects and the Remi, the Belgic tribe nearest Gaul, send Iccius and Andecomborius as deputies to Caesar. They also realize that they are running out of food, so they decide to disperse and return home. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerunt. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. It is believed that the Romans must have divine aid to get such speed from such massive devices. Quae res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et post eum quae erant tuta ab hostibus reddebat et commeatus ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum portari possent efficiebat. Caesar's officers select a campsite on a hill near the Sambre river. At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio XII. Caesar considers, then sends scouts and centurions to find a place for his camp. Caesar then moves on to the borders of the Ambiani, who surrender immediately. The enemy is in front, so he puts his experienced legions before the baggage, then has the two inexperienced legions bring up the rear. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus hostium impediebat. Hanc si nostri transirent hostes expectabant; nostri autem, si ab illis initium transeundi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant. Caesar's first position is one that cannot be attacked from all sides for it backs on a river; his next camp is on a bill with protected sides — attack must come from the front. Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. It is believed that, no doubt, he would have been kind to the Bellovaci, but his letting his actions appear to be prompted by Diviciacus' request has the effect of placing the Bellovaci and Aedui further in his debt. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum V abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum Romanum armis contendere. A public thanksgiving, mentioned in the book's closing paragraph, was a great honor accorded by the Romans for a major military victory or political feat. There is also an 8th book, written by Aulus Hirtius. Caesar's terms, as usual, are lenient; those who remain may keep their territory and towns and, further, he instructs their neighbors that the Nervii are to be left in peace. bookmarked pages associated with this title. Ubi vineis actis aggere extructo turrim procul constitui viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio a tanto spatio institueretur: quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae (nam plerumque omnibus Gallis prae magnitudine corporum quorum brevitas nostra contemptui est) tanti oneris turrim in muro sese posse conlocare confiderent? 1st Edition. The men rejoice at seeing him in their midst and their courage is rejuvenated. Victory seems impossible now; they plan to await a Roman attack elsewhere, then come to the defense of whoever needs it. Diviciacus is more likely to remain faithful because of the favor, and the Bellovaci are more likely to remain loyal because they would, by rebelling again, betray not only Caesar but Diviciacus. Nam quod hostibus adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar VI legiones expeditas ducebat; post eas totius exercitus impedimenta conlocarat; inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae erant totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. Qui eius consilii principes fuissent, quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione una miserat ad Venetos, Venellos, Osismos, Coriosolitas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi Romani esse redactas. Prima luce, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum, qui novissimum agmen moraretur, praemisit. from your Reading List will also remove any Removing #book# The Romans, on the other hand, are only interested in protecting and extending the empire; thus they move with only a fighting force. The Belgae's first move is an attack on Bibrax, eight miles from Caesar's position. Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque Gallis qui finitimi Belgis erant uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem faciant. The legions then spread out but their front view is blocked by thick fences put up by the enemy, making it difficult to know where reinforcements are needed and impossible for one man to coordinate all the units. The enemy, however, rush in and out of the woods and Caesar's horsemen dare not pursue them. The fortress seems impregnable. Suessiones suos esse finitimos; fines latissimos feracissimosque agros possidere. Re frumentaria provisa castra movet diebusque circiter XV ad fines Belgarum pervenit. Cleverly, Caesar had previously ordered a battle plan for just such an event. Caesar no longer defends the Roman Province; now, he is extending its boundaries, moving north of the Gallic Province into a territory roughly bounded by the Seine on the south, the Rhine to the north, the Moselle to the east, and the English Channel to the west. Book II covers the events of a year later, 57 B.C. The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against numerous Gallic tribes between 58 BC and 50 BC. Conversely, one of the Gauls' greatest faults in battle is their tendency to make quick conclusions on insufficient evidence. and any corresponding bookmarks? The Romans kill great numbers In the previous generation, the only state that stopped invasion by the Teutoni and Cimbri were the Belgae, and they therefore consider themselves of great military importance. Atque in alteram item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus quae trans Rhenum incolerent legationes ad Caesarem mitterentur, quae se obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. Caesar honoris Diviciaci atque Haeduorum causa sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit, et quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat, DC obsides poposcit. Next he presses toward the Nervii, a tribe that avoids all luxury, and especially wine drinking, in order to maintain courage and power. Publius Crassus, who had been sent with a legion to fight the Yeneti, Venelli, Osismi, Curiosolitae, Esubii, Aulerci, and Redones, reports that he has successfully brought them under Rome's authority and, at last, Gaul seems at peace. Occisis ad hominum milibus IIII reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt. In charge of the cavalry are Quintus Pedius and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta; following them with three legions is Titus Labienus. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque praemittit qui locum castris idoneum deligant. This series of annual war commentaries is referred to by various names but is commonly called De bello Gallico in Latin, or The Gallic Wars in English. The cavalry and light infantry, who had retreated earlier, again encounter the enemy and attempt to flee in another direction. Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus ad eum relatus est milium LIII. Caesar, however, learns that the Belgae are already approaching, so decides to move his army across the Axona river and pitches camp with his back to the river. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (English: Commentaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret. The plan fails, however, for the town's trench and walls are surprisingly strong. They run wild on mere rumor and are hasty to change their minds. A reader might also note that in battle Caesar often lets the enemy position itself so that it is forced to move very sluggishly. Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae pristinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigi posset, proelii committendi signum dedit. The concession of Caesar to Diviciacus is made in order to augment Diviciacus' prestige. Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. He begins his story during the Trojan war. Pro his Diviciacus (nam post discessum Belgarum dimissis Haeduorum copiis ad eum reverterat) facit verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Haeduae fuisse; impulsos ab suis principibus, qui dicerent Haeduos a Caesare in servitutem redacto. Armorum magna multitudine de muro in fossam, quae erat ante oppidum, iacta, sic ut prope summam muri aggerisque altitudinem acervi armorum adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis eo die pace sunt usi. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod est in extremis Remorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit. Later, when reports of the great conquests are received in Rome, a thanksgiving of fifteen days is proclaimed, the first time so great an honor has been awarded. Flares are set off and Caesar's troops converge on the point of attack. Eorum fines Nervii attingebant. Book II covers the events of a year later, 57 B.C. Hi post eorum obitum multos annos a finitimis exagitati, cum alias bellum inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerant. The enemy wildly attempts to cross the river behind the camp, intending to take the fort under Quintus Titurius and then destroy the bridge, or, if they cannot manage that, to destroy the Remi farmlands from which Caesar's troops are getting food. Caesar takes a shield from one of the soldiers and immediately moves to the front, encouraging the men and calling them by name. W. S. Bohn. Meanwhile, Caesar sets up a rampart 15,000 feet around, protected by many forts and erects his siege apparatus. He locates on a hill with a broad front gently sloping down; sharp drop-offs are on all sides, and he chooses this particular location because the enemy will be forced to approach from only one direction — the front. Titurius, however, reports this movement and Caesar leads all the cavalry and the slingers and archers across the bridge. Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare muris viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti; non se existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere dixerunt. These are delivered and the town's weapons surrendered. In charge of the campaign is Galba, who promises 50,000 troops. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxilii causa a civitate missi ad Caesarem venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra [nostra] compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt: Romanos pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt. In the nearby woods the enemy waits in hiding. His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri poterant, et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat. As Caesar's army approaches, they are met by Aduatuci warriors and battle through several small encounters. The six legions arrive and camp-making begins. He, himself, as soon as there began to be plenty of forage, came to the army. Remember, these men are marching two or three abreast and, since there are several thousand men in each legion, they take up quite a stretch of roadway. In addition, the victors of those days had always to worry that the enemy might be surrendering only to gain a bit of time and restore its strength before resuming fighting. Caesar, obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duobus filiis armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accipit exercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. Also, if tribes formed an alliance to fight a common foe, there was suspicion among them, and thus as a kind of cover-all insurance measure, hostage exchange was agreed upon. He has the chiefs' children brought to him as hostages, then asks Diviciacus to move Aeduan troops into the borders of the Bellovaci and begin destroying their lands in order to keep the enemy from converging simultaneously. et non magno ab ea intervallo VII. Postridie eius diei refractis portis, cum iam defenderet nemo, atque intromissis militibus nostris, sectionem eius oppidi universam Caesar vendidit. The wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present-day France and Belgium). Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec: ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in murum lapides iaci coepti sunt murusque defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit. He does not, however, send them in the order which the deserting Belgae had reported to the Nervii. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. The Nervii are almost destroyed by the battle. He is told that most of the Belgae are of German origin and, because of the fertile land, they have come to revere it as their own. This, he says, will also enhance the prestige of the Aedui. legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos militum monuit ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent et conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Remote health initiatives to help minimize work-from-home stress; Oct. 23, 2020 Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura [deiectusque collis] et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in parte hostibus resisterent saepibusque densissimis, ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia accommodanda sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrahenda tempus defuerit. In the evening, Caesar orders his troops out of town and has the gates closed so there will be no trouble with the soldiers. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. As Caesar departs for Italy and Illyricum, he tells the representatives of these states to return to him next summer, and he stations his legions in winter quarters. The Twelfth and Seventh Legions battle near each other, but the front and left side of the camp are left open and the Nervii, commanded by Boduognatus, press forward, hoping to reach higher ground and cut off the two legions from the rest of the Roman forces. Then the enemy realizes that Caesar will not fight on unfavorable ground. He describes how the Greeks, who are losing the war, build an enormous wooden horse and hide soldiers inside. Quorum de natura moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat: nullum esse aditum ad eos mercatoribus; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium inferri, quod his rebus relanguescere animos eorum et remitti virtutem existimarent; esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Romano dedidissent patriamque virtutem proiecissent; confirmare sese neque legatos missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos. Aegre eo die sustentatum est. These people, Caesar is sure, will ask no favors. Caesar's Gallic Wars essays chronicle the history of his military engagements during the years 58-51 B.C. These two operations significantly extend the area of Rome’s influence, and the Roman Senate and the populace acknowledge Caesar’s achievement by celebrating a thanksgiving of fifteen days.Book III finds Caesar, during 56 B.C. Next day, before the enemy can recover and regroup from the rout, Caesar moves into the borders of the Suessiones and presses on to Noviodunum, which he tries to take by direct assault. Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria Diviciacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit; nunc esse regem Galbam: ad hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque summam totius belli omnium voluntate deferri; oppida habere numero XII, polliceri milia armata L; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter ipsos habeantur longissimeque absint; XV milia Atrebates, Ambianos X milia, Morinos XXV milia, Menapios VII milia, Caletos X milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos totidem, Atuatucos XVIIII milia; Condrusos, Eburones, Caerosos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad XL milia. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt et in locum iniquum progressi rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio in fugam coniecerunt. On the sides of the hill, he orders that long protective trenches be dug at right angles to his line, and at the end of the trenches he orders that forts be built for his artillery. Quod si fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella inciderint, sustentare consuerint. ; now Caesar battles the Belgae in northern Gaul, and Publius Crassus battles the maritime states on the coast of Gaul. Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quo adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et a milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum VIII latitudinem patebant. But he demands that they surrender their weapons. Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt eo consilio ut, si possent, castellum, cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus, expugnarent pontemque interscinderent; si minus potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent. Ita sine ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt quantum fuit diei spatium; sub occasum solis sequi destiterunt seque in castra, ut erat imperatum, receperunt. Of 600 senators, their people now have but three and, of 6,000 men who were able to bear arms, there are but 500 left. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valere: hos posse conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo numero electa milia LX totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. Re renuntiata ad suos illi se quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Cum ab iis quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in armis essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat: plerosque Belgos esse ortos a Germanis Rhenumque antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui, patrum nostrorum memoria omni Gallia vexata, Teutonos Cimbrosque intra suos fines ingredi prohibuerint; qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magnam sibi auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. Summary and Analysis Book II Summary While spending the winter in Hither Gaul, Caesar hears rumors from various sources, supported by dispatches from Labienus, that the Belgae are conspiring against Rome and giving hostages to one another. Caesar ab X. legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum locum conlatis XII. In disorder they straggle home during the night.
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