It can grow in full shade and established woods. Most commonly this is where plants with variegated leaves sprout pure green growths instead of variegated ones. The outstanding orange to red fall color appears early and remains late before leaves drop. However, most seeds fall relatively close to the parent plant which is why this species grows as clumps or thickets. It also has sharp thorns, and red, oblong berries that last well into the cold-weather months and are thus valued as winter interest features. Seed bank abundance is very low which is possibly due to low seed germination potential (viability) combined with seed predation by insects and small mammals (Zouhar, 2008). Adds rich color to the landscape. The bush bears green leaves, as well as yellow flowers that bloom in mid-spring. Barberry is a very dense plant due to the multitude of small twigs and branches. Deciduous. Watch for his upcoming articles with information about additional individual invasive species. Ward and Williams (2011) used propane torches directed at the crowns of Japanese barberry plants in Connecticut. ), then you can dig out the plant or pull it out with a Weed Wrench® . A popular ornamental deciduous shrub it ranges in size from three to seven or more feet in height (Johnson, 1996; Whitcomb, 1985). Although these tough hedge plants used to be planted frequently, they are now considered invasive plants in several regions. Leaf color can be red, purple, dark green or yellow-green and differs substantially between varieties and with light availability. Berberis thunbergii f. atropurpurea (Purple Japanese Barberry) is always a spectacular addition to the landscape where it brings a strong color accent from spring to fall. In fact, pruning barberry plants may be the most work performed with this shrub. Do this at least every June and September. How to Grow a Red-Leaf Barberry. Red Japanese barberry is a deciduous shrub with multi-season interest. Deciduous. A compact plant with glossy dark green foliage. Genus Berberis can be deciduous or evergreen shrubs with spiny shoots bearing simple, often spine-toothed leaves, and small yellow or orange flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, followed by small berries 6. They mention that their earlier work using directed heating via propane torches controlled Japanese barberry for approximately two years on small scale research plots. However, it spreads from home and commercial gardens to natural areas that serve as suitable habitat for its germination, growth, and establishment. Japanese barberry is multi-branched dense shrub that can grow to 2.5 m (8 ft) in height. Nobody, (especially not deer), eats the leaves or the prickly twigs. Several characteristics of Japanese barberry, including early leaf-out, dense thorns and an a wealth of fruit, all combine to create an ideal habitat for mice that is free from predators and has abundant food. This downward flow of plant compounds helps facilitate the transport of foliar and stump applied herbicide to the roots for more effective kill. 3. Stems also arise from the root crown. I have used straight glyphosate concentration on freshly cut glossy buckthorn stumps and obtained a 98 to 100% kill from November through January. 2. 4. Japanese barberry – Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is the most popular landscape barberry growing from 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m.) tall. However, it frequently invades sunny spots which is why it is seen growing in open fields and pastures, along field edges, along roads and paths, open woodlands, and other sunny areas. Individual Exotic Invasive Plant Fact Sheets: Bruce Wenning has university degrees in plant pathology and entomology and is an ELA Board member and regular contributor to the ELA Newsletter. Japanese barberry is thorny, so it's useful for barrier plantings (Fig. Japanese barberry has small, oval, alternate leaves. However, established plants do not grow well under droughty or prolonged wet conditions and will drop their leaves in response giving them an unsightly appearance. Cold weather stump application frees up time to control most woody invasive plants when there is no available time to do so during the summer months. Again, there are numerous types to choose from; however, some of the more popular barberry shrub varieties include: Growing barberry bushes is easy and many city dwellers choose this shrub type due to its ability to tolerate urban conditions much better than other varieties of landscape shrubs. The root, bark and red berries of the barberry bush are used for medicinal purposes. (for C.P. In shades of green, yellow, and rich burgundy, these plants make up for their lack of showy blooms with their constantly colorful leaves. Photo courtesy of IPANE. There are over 400 species of barberry plants. Stunning and so doable. Barberry shines throughout the entire growing season with its vibrant foliage. The root system of Japanese barberry is shallow with fibrous fine roots; rhizomes (under ground reproductive stems) grow out from the plant’s root crown (Zouhar, 2008). All Rights Reserved. Educate your neighbors about what you are doing and why. Properly identify Japanese barberry. Red leaf forms and purple cultivars may lose their color under shade and revert back to a green color (Whitcomb, 1985). Landscape Shrubs Redleaf Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii var. Pull out easy-to-pull plants. Remove dead wood during the summer and winter months. 'Bogozam' (Bananza Gold™) - A dwarf, golden pygmy barberry with a dense mounding habit. Your local extension office can help with this. Stems are notoriously noted for their spines making pruning tasks painful without leather gloves. In invaded shaded woodlands, I have observed several specimens with dilute purple color, and because of persistent shade, they exhibit a green-purple hue to full green. Be sure to check into this beforehand. Spring or early summer cutting of Japanese barberry will slow its growth, but may not inhibit flower, fruit, and seed production. 5. Japanese barberry found in natural areas most frequently has dark green leaves. Leaves (variably sized to 1 1/4” long) typically turn attractive shades of orange, yellow and red in fall. Japanese barberry is shade-tolerant. They can be grown in a wide range of conditions and they are great plants to bring color and form to every garden, wherever you are, and whatever kind of garden you have. The results showed that the Japanese barberries had three times more root biomass than the native blueberries. Part III: Landscape and Ecosystem Damage: A Brief Introduction. Regenerative Solutions for Resilient Landscapes, As Things Always Change, the Nature of Nature Remains the Same, Small Native Shrubs to Replace Commonly Used Exotics, North American Prairie Species of New England, Urban Wilderness and the “High Line Problem”. Cultural Controls: Monitor or visually inspect your property for Japanese barberry. Japanese barberry leaves can vary in size, shape and color depending upon site and soil conditions. Barberry bushes are hardy deciduous plants commonly used in gardens or as foundation bushes due to their low maintenance requirements and adaptability. A better barberry choice for more alkaline sites. --Diseases / Insects : Usually barberries have little or no trouble at all under normal landscape conditions, but some of the possible noted pests / diseases that could be encountered are: Bacterial leaf spot, anthracnose, root rots, rusts (Japanese Barberry is not susceptible), wilt, barberry aphid, barberry webworm, and possibly scale. Height – ½ to 1½ feet (15 to 45 cm) Main types – Japanese barberry, hybrids. Shrubs that have not been pruned have a compact, dense form which is typically more broad than tall at maturity (Zouhar, 2008). Numerous cultivars are available as ornamental plants suitable for hedging. Sign up for our newsletter. If you are keeping your barberry shrubs as a hedge, it is necessary to prune a couple of times a year. Dirr (1998) states that its leaves vary from 1/2 to 1 1/4 inches long with short petioles and can range in shape from obovate (broadest at the middle) to spatulate (narrow at the base and broad at the apex). This growth characteristic allows barberry to be pruned into hedges quite effectively. In addition to its thorns, you will want to choose a barberry shrub that suits your growing conditions and region. Japanese Barberry Write a Review. (6) The timing of leaf out and of leaf loss. The evergreen, lance-shaped leaves present a contrasting mixture of a deep glossy green and a bright blood red, a combination bound to put this shrub in the spotlight. Dwarf Japanese barberry for the smallest areas As the name suggests, this plant is a small form of the common barberry. Plant Taxonomy: Family Berberidaceae. Most striking are the deep reddish purple inch-long leaves. Pruning barberry plants increase shrub health and vigor. An improved form of the original Green Barberry. Very hardy shrub. Leaves turn red in the fall. Once established, Japanese barberry can tolerate a range of varying site and soil conditions. Berberis thunbergii, the Japanese barberry, Thunberg's barberry, or red barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the barberry family, Berberidaceae, native to Japan and eastern Asia, though widely naturalized in China and in North America. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! Suggested chemical control in March, April, May, and June is to cut the stump (multiple stems) high (six to twelve inches) and let it sprout. General Description: Japanese barberry is an exotic invasive shrub that is well established in home and commercial landscapes. It has small, oval-shaped green leaves with smooth edges. Light Needs. At each node (where leaves … A Japanese barberry takes advantage of a sunny patch of dirt at the base of this white oak tree. Because land doesn’t come with a manual. Japanese barberry is native to China and Japan (Dirr, 1998; Whitcomb, 1985; Zheng et al, 2006). clients or neighbors) about the dangers of this pest is another cultural control of enormous value. This trait allows Japanese barberry to produce more carbohydrate and other compounds in the leaves by way of photosynthesis and transport these products to the roots for storage (i.e. Japanese barberry is a spiny shrub whose arching branches are characterized by green or blue-green, oval or spoon shaped leaves. Foliage is green to a dark reddish purple. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a specially regulated plant on Minnesota’s Noxious Weed list. Mechanical Controls: Pull, dig, cut, and burn. Barberries like full sun or partial shade and are very adaptable to a wide range of soil types as long as it drains well. For example, when you cut the top off any plant, the roots naturally respond by pushing up more top growth (sprouting), reducing the root reserves (carbohydrates and other growth compounds) and stressing the plant. Allowing the stumps to re-sprout during the summer months draws carbohydrate and other growth compounds from the roots and depletes some of the root energy making herbicide kill more effective. It’s also referred to as European barberry, trailing mahonia or berberis. Red Leaf Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' Sku #1200. Regulations: The importation, distribution, trade, and sale of Japanese barberry have been banned in Massachusetts effective January 1, 2009 (Massachusetts Prohibited Plant List website, 2012). Shiny green to burgundy leaves are alternate along its thorny stems. A 3-inch (7.5 cm) layer of mulch helps with moisture retention. In that study, the Japanese barberries had the competitive edge over the native blueberries by being able to direct growth into root mass more effectively over the growing season. Berberis thunbergii, commonly called Japanese barberry, is a spiny, broad-rounded, deciduous shrub with obovate green leaves.It typically matures to 5' tall and as wide. The red-leafed Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a popular landscaping and deciduous shrub. Repeated cutting of big plants or mowing seedlings on a monthly cycle will be more effective at stunting the plant and inhibiting fruit and seed (berry) production. I have not tried cold weather stump-application using glyphosate on Japanese barberry. Garden soils or soil in natural areas where they have invaded provide best growth if sunny, fertile, moist, and well drained (Whitcomb, 1985). If you cannot stump-applicate the hard-to-pull plants during the summer months, then you can instead cut the plant six to twelve inches from the ground before it starts to produce berries (seeds) in July. Every time you cut the top off, you force the plant to sprout which reduces the root reserves and weakens the plant. It also is a prime hiding spot for ticks. Berberis thunbergii, commonly called Japanese barberry, is a spiny, broad-rounded, deciduous shrub with obovate green leaves.It typically matures to 5' tall and as wide. (Magee and Ahles, 2007). cold weather storage for better winter survival and spring growth). Do not plant or encourage the planting or transplanting of this species. Showy foliage is purple-red throughout the summer months, then turns a deep amber color in fall. Biological Control: There are no commercially available insects, mites or disease organisms yet found to be effective biological control agents. Japanese barberry is mostly multi-stemmed with additional stems arising from rhizomes (Zouhar, 2008). Noteworthy Characteristics. The sharp spine-covered shrub, which grows 3 to 6 feet tall, is a prime housing location for deer ticks, according to researchers in Connecticut. Hand-pull what you physically are able before Japanese barberry produces berries (seeds); preferably before July. Species: Berberis thunbergii DC. (5) Predator avoidance and/or deterrence. This species is not as prolific an invader as Asiatic bittersweet vine or glossy buckthorn. 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'Kobold' is only about 50 cm high and wide and it is suitable for even the smallest gardens or terraces. The recommendation for Japanese barberry was based upon this literature review [PDF] developed by the department. Be sure to consider this when growing barberry bushes, especially if you have small children. Chemical Controls: The best time for any control option is just before a plant flowers. Can you eat a barberry? Roundup ‘poison ivy killer’ works very well. Family Berberidaceae . Bruce may be reached at bwenning@verizon.net. It arrived in America in 1875, brought over by explorers from the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, part of Harvard University. 4. Educating others (e.g. He is a horticulturist at The Country Club, Brookline, MA where he continues his battle with exotic invasive plant species. Dense branching habit makes a superb hedge or barrier plant. 'Bagatelle' - A compact form that is similar to 'Crimson Pygmy', except the leaves are shinier and smaller, and the plant grows more slowly. Seed production is related to stem density (i.e. Foliar application works best between July and mid-September. The above suggested example may be modified to suit existing site conditions and the level of infestation. Foliar application of glyphosate works best on multi-stemmed plants or large Japanese barberry plants that were repeatedly cut for many years without chemical control follow up or were not removed by digging. When you mix a red, yellow, golden, orange, or variegated barberry with greens, limes, silvers, or golds, you create the kind of color story that ends up on magazine covers. Virtually there are no effective predators feeding on or killing this plant. Barberry’s bright red fruit added to the shrub’s desirability as an ornamental species. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Use a Weed Wrench on hard-to-pull plants; preferably before July. This plant is extremely invasive in some areas, so research carefully before planting. © 2020 Ecological Landscape Alliance. They can even be grown in containers. IPM Control Strategies for Japanese barberry. Japanese barberry can be sheared and used as a hedge plant. It was very popular in its original form, with green leaves, yellow flowers and red berries, because it was both beautiful and easy to grow. Part II: IPM Control Strategies for Exotic Invasive Plants Brilliant young leaves will not burn in the sun unlike some yellow-leaved varieties. Then cut the sprouted plant in July, August, or early September to one inch from the ground and stump-applicate with straight glyphosate herbicide. Japanese barberry leaves can vary in size, shape and color depending upon site and soil conditions. Japanese Barberry (berberis thunbergii) is found growing wild in China and Japan. It’s the law. Individuals contemplating using chemical control of Japanese barberry in or near wetlands must use a wetland approved herbicide. Small, yellow flowers are produced during the spring, but are not particularly noticeable since they are under the foliage. To control reversion, remove reverted shoots promptly to discourage them. Ward and Williams (2011) report that this species is established in 31 states and four Canadian provinces. The mechanical control of cutting or mowing is also very effective during these months for the same reason. A Suggested Japanese Barberry Example Using the IPM Procedure. Thorns help protect this plant from most grazing animals. Japanese barberry also reproduces asexually by root suckers (i.e. Genus Berberis. A cross between Japanese Green Barberry and Korean Barberry introduced by Bailey Nurseries. Barberry bushes are an interesting and useful group of shrubs that are widely grown in gardens, mostly for their attractive leaf coloring, but also for their flowers and fruits, as well as for their hardiness, versatility and usefulness. Part of barberry’s ornamental appeal is that its alternate, simple leaves are arranged in clusters along the erect to arching stems enhancing its textural appeal in the built landscape (Dirr, 1998). Several types of barberry naturally grow small.These dwarf varieties won’t grow into towering, thorny giants that are difficult to prune.. Berberis Thunbergii Orange Dream The plant tolerates most light exposures and soils, but purple-leaved cultivars turn green in shade. This dense, arching, deciduous shrub features broadly oval, reddish-purple leaves which turn into brilliant red or red-orange shades in the fall. abundance) and is much higher when plants grow in direct sun light (Zouhar, 2008). rhizomes) and stem layering (e.g. For additional information about exotic invasives, refer to Bruce’s article: “Controlling Small Scale Infestations of Exotic Invasive Plant Species: Ecological and IPM Information for Landscapers and Homeowners.”, Part I: The New Group of Pests Differs from Insects and Diseases 1. Noteworthy Characteristics. Basic facts about Dwarf Berberis. Some varieties, however, only reach ankle or knee height. An arching, dense shrub with broadly oval pale to mid green leaves turning brilliant orange-red in the fall. They recommend that two torch treatments on targeted plants are most effective; initial torch treatment in early spring before Japanese barberry leaf-out (or any time from March through June) and a follow- up treatment from July through August was effective at controlling the growth and spread of Japanese barberry in areas where chemical control options were restricted (Ward and Williams, 2011). Barberry leaves appear earlier than many native species, yet the plant drops its leaves later – gaining a competitive advantage in local woodland environments. Can … Small berries add winter interest. Mechanical controls can be done at any time during the year; however, the best times are the months before or during flowering. Japanese barberry produces flowers from April to June and plant removal is best accomplished before seeds begin to ripen in July. As stated in Part II, IPM Control Strategies for Exotic Invasive Plants, prevention is a cultural control of great value. Cold weather stump application (November through February; mean temperatures of 15.8 to 46.4 Fahrenheit (Reinartz, 1997) reduces the risk of contaminating non-target plants. It is worth trying on this species. It was introduced as an ornamental to the United States in the 1860s (Dirr, 1998). Barberries are also frequently used as a hedge because of their uniform growth pattern. However, Zouhar (2008) reports that some seeds were produced under very low sun light levels. Dirr (1998) states that its leaves vary from 1/2 to 1 1/4 inches long with short petioles and can range in shape from obovate (broadest at the middle) to spatulate (narrow at the base and broad at the apex). To about 12" to 16" tall. Stump application is very effective during July, August, and up to mid-September. Many barberries have sharp thorns; however, some are without. When it comes to barberry shrub care, you’ll find that it’s pretty minimal. NOTE: Before planting anything in your garden, it is always important to check if a plant is invasive in your particular area. atropurpurea) There are not many plants that can be found growing from Wisconsin down to Florida, but Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is one of them.Based on the number of new varieties still being introduced to the market, it appears that this plant is still extremely popular. Seed is dispersed by birds and other berry feeding animals, sometimes over great distances. Growing to 1 metre (3.3 ft) tall by 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) broad, it is a small deciduous shrub with green leaves turning red in the autumn, brilliant red fruits in autumn and pale yellow flowers in spring. If Japanese barberry has many stems and is quite large, it may take one to two years for complete kill after one foliar application because multiple stemmed specimens generally have a very large root system. (3) Sexual reproduction breeding system. Therefore, it only takes one Japanese barberry to produce a colony of reproducing plants if left unchecked. Japanese barberry is insect pollinated. 4. For more information about Japanese barberry visit: www.invasive.org. Suggested chemical control during July, August, and up to mid-September is to cut Japanese barberry down to one inch from the ground and immediately apply straight glyphosate herbicide to the freshly cut stump using a paint brush or sponge applicator. Japanese barberry has year-round distinct features that make it easy to identify. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. This species also holds onto its leaves a little longer in the fall than most native plants. The barberry plant is any of almost 500 species of thorny evergreen or deciduous shrubs of the genus Berberis and the family Berberidaceae. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s recent Weed of the Month is more than just noxious. Young stems are reddish in color, older stems are grayer. (8) Time of year of fruiting. Small red tinged, pale yellow flowers in mid-spring are followed by bright red, egg-shaped fruits. Thunberg). The red fruits, which are another desirable ornamental characteristic, persist into the fall and winter months. What does Japanese barberry look like? Plants that prove to be too difficult to remove by way of pulling or digging you can cut down to one inch stumps and immediately apply a glyphosate herbicide to the freshly cut stumps using a paint brush or sponge applicator. Vegetative reproduction (i.e. Foliage is a strong purple-red. 3. stem tips that contact the ground for an extended period of time will sprout roots forming a new plant) (Zouhar, 2008). This species flowers from April through June and fruits from July through October; fruits persist into the winter months (Zheng et al, 2006; Magee and Ahles, 2007; Zouhar, 2008). This shrub can produce large numbers of fine fibrous roots during the growing season compared to native shrubs of the same size. (1) High seed production and good seed viability. Grows 1.5' to 2' … This one undulates through a thick stand of summer grasses, the leaves and branches contrasting with the fine foliage. Bright green leaves change to orange or reddish in the fall. Foliar application transports the herbicide from the leaves to the roots. It grows three to six feet tall and spreads four to seven feet. Horticulturists and other plant enthusiasts recognize that leaves vary in color and size among the many cultivars available (Johnson, 1996; Dirr, 1998). The magnificent Chinese Barberry and Warted Barberry hybrid offers year-round interest, with its fabulous multicoloured foliage. Fertilizing barberry shrubs is generally not necessary. These are the months during which carbohydrates and other plant compounds are being manufactured in the leaves by way of photosynthesis and are transported from the leaves to the roots for storage. Other common names Japanese barberry . University of Wisconsin researcher, James Reinartz (1997), tested cold weather stump application using 25% concentration of glyphosate herbicide on glossy buckthorn and obtained 92 to 100% control. Award-winning Berberis thunbergii 'Orange Rocket' (Japanese Barberry) is a compact, upright, deciduous shrub with small, vibrant coral-orange new leaves that change to mid-green in summer before turning brilliant shades of red-orange in the fall. The leaves of this dwarf Japanese barberry are fresh green and only 3 cm large. • Mature Japanese barberry is the perfect height for questing adult ticks to attach themselves to deer as they pass by. Tiny, scented, pale yellow flowers appear in early summer, but are insignificant in comparison to the foliage. 2. 1. Japanese barberry shrubs often reach a height of 6 feet at maturity, with a similar spread, although there are more compact cultivars, such as 'Nana' and 'Compactum.' If you can’t hand-pull Japanese barberry (be careful of the thorns! Prune for shape during the winter or fall after the plant has fruited. This shrub grows slowly but transplants easily. Showy bright red fruits (or berries) are about 1/4 inch long, oval elongate, and borne on the stems attached by a long slender stalk (Whitcomb, 1985). In spring, scented yellow flowers appear on arching stems. 1). Japanese barberry, (Berberis thunbergi), arrives in the woods by birds eating the fruits in winter and pooping/planting them. Sprouting produces more reproductive stems which produce more flowers, fruit, and seed than the original uncut or unbroken stems. sprouting) occurs when stems are cut or broken. Transplant barberries just after flowering or in late winter. (2) Vectors. Mature green foliage provides superb backdrop for the dramatic lime green new foliage. Leaves emerge very early in the spring than most native plants. Zouhar (2008) presents a New Jersey study in which Japanese barberry root biomass was compared to native blueberry shrubs of similar ages that were growing together in an invaded area. The barberry shrub or barberry bush is common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and central Asia. Above ground sprouts can arise from the rhizomes allowing this plant to spread into new and adjoining spaces. Barberry shrubs make great additions to the landscape and are known for their rich color and year-round garden interest. Invasive Traits: Japanese barberry exhibits. The stems have single spines along their length. Many can also be easily grown in pots a… Cold weather stump application is especially useful on overgrown individuals or stands. Foliar application enters the leaves more easily during humid weather because the leaf cuticle / wax layer is thinner making the leaf more absorbent to the foliar – applied herbicide (Ware, 1996). Leaves (variably sized to 1 1/4” long) typically turn attractive shades of orange, yellow and red in fall. Solitary yellow flowers bloom from March to April, and the fruit is a round or elliptical red berry. Popular cultivars have purple or burgundy leaves and may be smaller in size. Invasive Species - (Berberis thunbergii) Japanese barberry is a spiny, deciduous shrub usually 1-2 feet, but can grow up to 6 feet in height. It can root where branches touch the ground and where seeds are dropped in place to make… (4) Vegetative or asexual reproduction. Identification Leaves & stems: Clustered in tight bunches above spines, the leaves are simple, alternate, small, and oval to spatulate shaped (wider at the tip than the base). Some species of Oregon grape, a relative of barberry, are sometimes called barberry. After the taller stumps have re-sprouted, you cut them to one inch above the ground and immediately apply glyphosate herbicide to the freshly cut stumps. In addition, the application of herbicides in July, August, and up to mid-September gives maximum chemical control. … Exceptional red fall color and bright red berries. (7) Shade/sun tolerance. perfect flowers). Roots and stems have high berberine content (Zheng et al, 2006). Also, some types of barberry may become invasive in some regions. Breeding system is a monoecious condition whereby both male and female reproductive parts are consolidated into the same flower on the same plant (i.e. This barberry is an excellent hedge pland, and it also looks good in the middle to rear of beds and borders. Watch out for the brittle, three-pronged thorns. As an exotic invasive shrub it has invaded open woods, woodland borders, pastures, fields, waste lots, abandoned building and house lots, roadsides, and natural area paths (Magee and Ahles, 2007). If you’re looking for an interesting shrub that offers low maintenance in the garden, then look no further than the barberry (Berberis vulgaris). Barberry usually grows taller than a person. Japanese barberry exhibits a high ornamental value plus it responds very well to pruning which is why landscape designers fell in love with this plant years ago.
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