Review for Spanish Colonial Era Test. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. Era in Texas History characterized by the building of missions to confirm Spanish land claims. Identify the main Spanish American colonial settlements of the 1500s and 1600s Discuss economic, political, and demographic similarities and differences between the Spanish colonies During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in the Americas that later became the United States. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. [58] In addition, the Casa de Contratación took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. Corregimiento expanded "royal authority from the urban centers into the countryside and over the indigenous population. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. [75] In Mexico, Don Martín Cortés, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernán Cortés, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. 1500–1850), Timeline of imperialism § Colonization of North America, "Victimario Histórico Militar Capítulo IX De las 16 mayores Guerras y Genocidios del siglo XVI de 60.000 a 3.000.000 de muertos", "DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996, "Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administración española en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII", "Las instituciones políticas en la región de Cuyo", "El gobierno y la imagen de la Monarquía Hispánica en los viajeros de los siglos XVI y XVII. In the colonial era, Spain initiated the Encomienda System, under which thousands of people and families were entrusted to colonial officials. [104], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Dressing, J. David. Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. In the early colonial period, the transatlantic import-export trade based on sliver was controlled by Spanish merchants who visited the Americas for short periods of time. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. [83] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[84]. PLAY. The Conquest of Michoacán: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 1521–1530. 1550-1600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards’ making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. [122] Religious orders along with the Jesuits then embarked on further evangelization in frontier regions of the empire. The crown separated them into the República de Indios. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. • The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[98]. On its southern edge, Tejas was bordered by the province of Coahuila. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[70]. 5, p. 453. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who comprised the República de Españoles, with the creation of the República de Indios. In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. Charles also adopted this flag when he became Charles I of Spain (1516-1556). The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. 6. Natural Texas and It's People Era. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: Ñudzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. [46] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Spanish settlers found relatively dense populations of indigenous peoples, who were agriculturalists living in villages ruled by leaders not part of a larger integrated political system. June 20, 2011. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién.[21]. Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and gaining control over more territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). [126], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. [144] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. [153] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster, Martín Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. American colonial architecture includes several building design styles associated with the colonial period of the United States, including First Period English (late-medieval), French Colonial, Spanish Colonial, Dutch Colonial, and Georgian. "Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. The Spanish brought new crops for cultivation. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. After the collapse of the Taino population of Hispaniola, Spaniards took to slave raiding and settlement on nearby islands, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, replicating the demographic catastrophe there as well. [141] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Tomás de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. Terms in this set (24) Natural Texas and It's People Era. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[86][87] Mixtec,[88] and Yucatec Maya. INTRODUCTION Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancient Filipinos were living in scattered barangays and ruled by different chieftains. $115.00. Though influenced by Spanish traditions from the Iberian peninsula, the culture that emerged in the colonial New World was a mixture of European, African, and local Native customs. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) in Seville. The crown aimed to prevent the formation of an aristocracy in the Indies not under crown control. Chocolate (Nahuatl: chocolate) and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and imported to Europe. Showing the indigenous sides are Xicotencatl, a leader of the Spaniards' Tlaxcalan allies, and Aztec emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitlahuac. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. For other uses, see, Assertion of royal control in the early Caribbean, Civil administrative districts, provinces, Frontier institutions – presidio and mission, Early economy of indigenous tribute and labor. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. [40] In 1561, Pedro de Ursúa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. Spain's colonies in the New World were, legally, the personal patrimony of the king, and he held absolute control over all matters in Ecuador. Don Martín was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. The Spanish time was basically when the natives started to learn how to live âcivilizedâ and when they were given a soul that made them âreal peopleâ (The official ⦠[69], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. An immediate consequence was the birth of many mixed-blood–mostly illegitimate–offspring. The Philippine Economy During the Spanish Colonial Period. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the República de Españoles. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. Venezuela's historical development during the colonial period took place in six subregions. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. Although today Buenos Aires at the mouth of Rio de la Plata is a major metropolis, it held no interest for Spaniards and the 1535-36 settlement failed and was abandoned by 1541. Chile was explored by Spaniards based in Peru, where Spaniards found the fertile soil and mild climate attractive. Philippine Spanish Colonial Period. [65] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martínez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asunción, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. Once the Spanish settlement in the Caribbean occurred, Spain and Portugal formalized a division of the world between them in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the Medina River and the Nueces River, 100 miles (161 km) northeast of the Rio Grande. We didnât have anything ruling over us and dictating us what is needed to be done. Missions were meant to enslave local American Indians. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Spain's rapid growth from a group of small weak kingdoms fighting Islamic incursion and each other to become, though challenged, the near master of the world, is a phenomenal story. Each and every period of its history is crucial in some way to understanding the present-day character of the land. For Spaniards, the fierce Chichimecas barred them for exploiting mining resources in northern Mexico. The last aspect of Spanish colonial society that I wanna point out is the racial caste system that developed in the New World. The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as "gold, glory, God." As was the case in peninsular Spain, Africans (negros) were able buy their freedom (horro), so that in most of the empire free Blacks and Mulatto (Black + Spanish) populations outnumbered slave populations. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; MacÍas, Rosario Márquez (1995). There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. "La catastrophe démographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[135][136][137]. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. $25.00 shipping. In an effort to solidify their control over North American resources and territory, European colonial powers began to construct fortifications to protect their settlements from foreign encroachment. The protection of the indigenous populations from enslavement and exploitation by Spanish settlers were established in the Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. Benedict. Year that Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta was established. The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory. Ferdinand Magellan was the first European recorded to have landed in the Philippines. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doña, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. [47], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. The missions were managed by friars from the order of St. Francis â the Franciscans â and were placed in lands that had been home to Native Americans for ⦠Florida's Spanish colonial heritage began nearly 100 years before Jamestown in 1513, when Juan Ponce de León landed, and ended when Florida became a territory of the United States in 1821. The new territories extended through most of Central America and much of the south and west of what is now the United States. One was by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba in 1517, another by Juan de Grijalva in 1518, which brought promising news of possibilities there. $25.00 shipping. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción, now the capital of Paraguay. “Venezuela: The Colonial Era” in ‘’Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. ⢠Literature started to flourish during his time. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. By Kaitlin Petersen. Though influenced by Spanish traditions from the Iberian peninsula, the culture that emerged in the colonial New World was a mixture of European, African, and local Native customs. Attitude of the Spanish clergy in the early phase – Spanish friars was forced to learn the native language of the peoples they sought to convert. Columbus had promised that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potosí, still producing silver in the 21st century. $100.00. 25. ⢠The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries. A caste system, like that used in the Spanish America, existed in the Philippines, with some explicit differences. Back to Article List. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. With a hostile indigenous population, no obvious mineral or other exploitable resources, and little strategic value, Chile was a fringe area of colonial Spanish America, hemmed in geographically by the Andes to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west, and indigenous to the south. History of the Philippines (1565â1898) The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was the period during which the Philippines were part of the Spanish Empire as the Captaincy General of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898. Ecuador Table of Contents. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. [48][49] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. 84-85. Missions were established with royal authority through the Patronato real. It became the second-most important export product from Spanish America after silver. Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asunción (1537); Potosí (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumán (1553). Although, they were living separately, they were similar in many ways, their religion, mode of dressing, houses, system of government and … [55], The impossibility of the physical presence of the monarch and the necessity of strong royal governance in The Indies resulted in the appointment of viceroys ("vice-kings"), the direct representation of the monarch, in both civil and ecclesiastical spheres. Philippine pre-colonial society is both different and the same as in the present. We had everything in our hands and we were free to do anything we wanted. The Spanish colonization of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 brought about profound changes in the life and art of the Filipinos. [116], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. [105] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. However, the Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. “House of Welser” in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Neither was effective in its purpose. African slaves were imported to Spanish territories, although in lesser numbers than in English and Portuguese territories. [59], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. In 1506, Philip came to rule Spain as Philip I, regent to his young son Charles. The Spanish Colonial era in Texas began with a system of missions and presidios, designed to spread Christianity and to establish control over the region. 1, pp. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. start of the conquest of central Mexico; once the Aztec empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. Archbishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. The empire was a fragile confederation of city-states. Other imports were figs, apricots, cherries, pears, and peaches among others. Spanish was first introduced to the Philippines in 1565, when the conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement on the island of Cebu. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursúa, who was murdered. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. The Colonial Era. The Spanish founded towns in the Caribbean, on Hispaniola and Cuba, on a pattern that became spatially similar throughout Spanish America. Missions in Texas â¢The mission-presidio system: used by Spanish to gain control in other parts of the new world. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press|1985. European background: Spain and Portugal. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. In 1686, William Dampier visited Mindanao and observed that smoking was a widespread custom. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. [140] With the 1992 commemoration (and critique) of Columbus, more cinematic and television depictions of the era appeared, including a TV miniseries with Gabriel Byrne as Columbus. "Latinized" America was a diverse, capable, and often complex society. We have included primary sources, databases, and print material that may be of … In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. What can be called the visions of the vanquished, indigenous accounts written in the sixteenth century, are a rare case of history being written by those other than the victors. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolomé de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. Also cochineal is technically an animal product, the insects were placed on cacti and harvested by the hands of indigenous laborers. ⢠Spanish colonization in the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor- general in the Philippines. Philippine Literature Under Spanish Colonial 24. 25. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms so that when the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus’s voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. [53] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. [72] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. To feed urban populations and mining workforces, small-scale farms (ranchos), (estancias), and large-scale enterprises (haciendas) emerged to fill the demand, especially for foodstuffs that Spaniards wanted to eat, most especially wheat. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. From that misperception the Spanish called the indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Indians" (indios), lumping a multiplicity of civilizations, groups, and individuals into a single category of The Other. 1 South Castillo Drive Perhaps the greatest empire that the world has ever known, the Spanish Empire controlled, influenced, or claimed nearly half of the world in the 16th-18th centuries. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. As what the world knows, Philippines is the only Catholic country in Southeast Asia; thus, most of our structures all over the archipelago were Catholic Churches due to the influence of Catholicism. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of that expedition, writing an account of it. [19], The first mainland explorations by Spaniards were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. ...A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. Almost 500 years ago, Cabeza de Vaca documented his travels from this area to ⦠The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. [73], The Valladolid debate (1550–1551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. Bolivia's Colonial Era 1500-1800 A.D. Bolivia's history changed dramatically when in 1532 the Spanish defeated the great Incas, and other ethnic groups that had historically inhabited the area. [107], After the reign of Philip II, the municipal offices, including the councilors, were auctioned to alleviate the need for money of the Crown, even the offices could also be sold, which became hereditary,[108] so that the government of the cities went on to hands of urban oligarchies. Even so, the Colonial Period (1492-1810) stands out as being the era that did the most to shape what Latin America is today. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." The Spanish did establish the settlement of Chile in 1541, founded by Pedro de Valdivia. What was the main purpose of Spanish missions? [96], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. By maintaining hierarchical divisions within communities, indigenous noblemen were the direct interface between the indigenous and Spanish spheres and kept their positions so long as they continued to be loyal to the Spanish crown. The Spanish Colonial Era in Texas Before Texas was one of the most populous and culturally vibrant states in the United States, Texas was part of New Spain, a colony in the Spanish Empire. [74], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, “The Political Force of Images,” Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=991351941, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions in South America and the Caribbean. Natural Texas and It's People Era. Music of the philippines during pre spanish era 1. [100] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. The search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. spain 2 real mexico ferdinand vii spanish colonial era lot 5 silver coins. 37 (2) May 1957. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1–2.5 million people) by the early 17th century. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes ... and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. [102] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the Council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[99]. Literature started to flourish during his time. Start studying Spanish Colonial Era. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident. 1 (2012): 26-40. The Spanish colonization of western America lasted longer than the British claim on the 13 original colonies, but by the mid-1800s, the Spanish Colonial period ⦠They also imported cane sugar, which was a high-value crop in early Spanish America. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. [121] 32084. During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. In Medieval times, however, they had experienced a history quite different from that of other southern Europeans. This guide covers all colonial possessions in the Americas, so although there is an emphasis on the British Colonies, it also includes material about French and Spanish possessions. Colonial Culture. Spanish was first introduced to the Philippines in 1565, when the conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement on the island of Cebu. The new territories extended through most of Central America and much of the south and west of what is now the United States. The Taino population on Hispaniola went from hundreds of thousands or millions –- the estimates by scholars vary widely -- but in the mid-1490s, they were practically wiped out. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. Mining regions in both Mexico were remote, outside the zone of indigenous settlement in central and southern Mexico Mesoamerica, but mines in Zacatecas (founded 1548) and Guanajuato (founded 1548) were key hubs in the colonial economy. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. [106] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. Cook, Noble David. The loss of these territories ended Spanish rule in the Americas. 1682. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the República de Españoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. Lockhart, James. Treasury officials were generally paid out of the income from the province and were normally prohibited from engaging in personal income-producing activities. In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession and subsequent division of most Spanish territories in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were finally lost to The United States in 1898, following the Spanish–American War. Five hundred Spaniards did not topple the Aztec Empire alone. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Querétaro (ca. Powers, Stephen. During the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to the 19th century, the racial mixture in the Philippines occurred on a quite smaller scale as compared to the other Spanish territories. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. The Colonial Era The following 300 years mark the Colonial era, when the territories of New Spain were expanded under the control of local viceroys, named by the Spanish crown. Muldoon, James. The Spaniards ruled the Philippines for 300 years under these conditions, continually harassed by Chinese pirates, by the Moros (Mohammedans from Mindanao and Sulu), by the Dutch and the English who wanted to take possession of the Islands, and finally by the frequent revolts on the part of the natives. The pope was the head of the Catholic Church, but the granting of the Patronato Real to the Spanish monarchy gave the king the power of appointment (patronage) of ecclesiastics. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. [56] Ecclesiastics also functioned as administrators overseas in the early Caribbean period, particularly Frey Nicolás de Ovando, who was sent to investigate the administration of Francisco de Bobadilla, the governor appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus. Spanish colonization. [7][8][9], One source claims the Spanish conquest was responsible for 1,400,000 to 2,300,000 deaths explicitly excluding tens of millions of deaths from New World disease;[10] while Rudolph Rummel claims that 2 to 15 million indigenous peoples where killed by what he calls "democide"-(government caused murder) in the colonization of the Americas mostly in Latin America[11]-(mostly implying anywhere from just over half to all but 1 so around 1,000,001 to 14,999,999 deaths.). The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. In 1542 Las Casas wrote a damning account of this genocide, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. The red saltire was his family symbol, since Andrew was the patron saint of Burgundy. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. Hispanic Research Journal 13, no. Matthäus Merian, Dreyzehender Theil Americae, 1628. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy.