Thus, only two thermostable (50–60°C) fucoidanases from marine fungi Dendryphiella arenaria TM94 and Fusarium sp. Kamei, I., Daikoku, C., Tsutsumi, Y., and Kondo, R. (2008). (2010). J. Res. The surprising absence of cosmopolitan taxa in our study, such as the genus Corollospora or the species Humicola alopallonella , can … The laccase activity was completely inhibited, and the number and diversity of ligninolytic enzymes decreased in Pestalotiopsis sp. doi: 10.5772/51572, Kuhad, R. C., Deswal, D., Sharma, S., Bhattacharya, A., Jain, K. K., Kaur, A., et al. Evol. doi: 10.1007/s00248-015-0640-5, Wang, Y., Barth, D., Tamminen, A., and Wiebe, M. G. (2016). Sci. Aside from decolorization, the fungus removed 68% of the toxicity of MSW containing benzo(a)pyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), therefore in the estuarine fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, it was showed no liver damage in contrast to the fish after contact with untreated MSW by the fungus (Raghukumar et al., 2004b). However, all existing data from the genome sequencing projects concerned to glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and concomitant enzymes [auxiliary activities (AAs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs)] indicate that marine fungi have developed the metabolic pathways rather related to breakdown of terrestrial plants than algae or animal residues (Arfi et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2015). 5, 479–490. Release and persistence of extracellular DNA in the environment. 91, 275–299. 115, 1308–1448. Marine-derived fungus Aspergillus cf. The fungus Penicillium sp. The main polysaccharide in Acetabularia, Codium, and the Halicoryne genera, and in some red algae such as Porphyra umbilicales is β-1,4-mannan, which is a structural and reserve component of green algae (siphonaceous) (Goddard-Borger et al., 2012; Synytsya et al., 2015) (Figure 1). Expansion of the enzymatic repertoire of the CAZy database to integrate auxiliary redox enzymes. Although mangrove fungi are adapted to high salinity, seawater can influence their growth and enzyme production, suggesting a mechanism of regulation at the mRNA level under hypersaline conditions. A recognized model system for the study of the enzyme machinery involved in the complete degradation of lignocellulosic material is the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, whose genome contains a versatile ligninocellulolytic enzymatic spectrum (Levasseur et al., 2014). 53, 587–594. Raghukumar, C. (2008). 56, 247–264. In particular, obligate biotrophs and unculturable so-called ‘early diverging lineages’ were just not detected. However, brown algae have the highest diversity of fungal endophytes such as facultative marine Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium, and obligate marine Halosigmoidea marina and Acremonium fuci, whose population may increase in dead algae (Raghukumar, 2017). How many species are there? Biotechnol. The fungal endo-β-1,4-glucuronan polysaccharide lyase isolated from T. reesei was applied to the glucuronan depolymerization of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca for the production of bioactive glucuronic acid oligosaccharides (Redouan et al., 2009). 172, 524–532. Interest in marine fungi is rising, not only out of the systematics and phylogenetics corners (the study of evolutionary relationships between groups and their classifications), but also from the biotech fields, as they’ve been shown to be a good source of all sorts of useful chemicals, much like their terrestrial counterparts. (2011). The financial support is provided by Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (Agreement 02.G25.31.0172, 01.12.2015). Technol. In a previous study, the total cellulase activities for several strains isolated from a coastal marine sponge Haliclona simulans were similar to the activities for the cellulase-overproducing mutant Hypocrea jecorina QM9414 (T. reesei) on all types of saline and non-saline media (Baker et al., 2010; Hong et al., 2015) (Supplementary Table 1). 183, 197–207. As the most renewable energy feedstock on the Earth, the plant or algae polymeric substrates induce an expression of microbial extracellular enzymes that catalyze their cleaving up to the component sugars. Asian J. Biotechnol. N. Biotechnol. A high occurrence of polygalacturonase producers (30%) among the deep-sea yeast collected from the mud of Sagami Bay (1100–1400 m) capable of degrading plant pectin was inexplicable (Minegishi et al., 2006). Mangrove-associated fungi have been divided into two groups: those that are submerged at high tide and those that are not. Cleaving β-1,3-linkage by these GHs might occur in concert with auxiliary domains for their action against recalcitrant substrates (Guillén et al., 2010). Remarkably, there are rather less data about marine ligninolytic basidiomycetes. A., de Souza Queiroz, A. F., Cruz, M. J. M., et al. Fungal Divers. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we heard a lot about oil-eating bacteria. EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MOLECULES ISOLATED FROM OBLIGATE MARINE FUNGI Materials and Methods Collecting methods and coordinates of sites have been published in a … (2003). Polaribacter staleyi sp. Biodegradation of crude oil by fungi isolated from Gulf of Mexico. Acad. Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979.9 Briefly, obligate marine fungi grow and sporulate in a marine environment while facul-tative marine fungi are from terrestrial or freshwater habitats, but may also grow in the marine environment. The main storage polysaccharide in the brown seaweeds is laminarin formed by 1,3-β-glucans with β-1,6-branching and different reducing endings with mannitol or glucose residues (Table 1 and Figure 1). A number of genes encoding cellulases and pectinases in N. crassa showed increased levels of the transcripts under carbon starvation and during pretreatment of the culture with cellulose or pectin (Benz et al., 2014). There isn’t much evidence of nematode-eating fungi from marine environments yet, but this is probably just because we haven’t looked for them, specifically. Microbiol. Polym. Facultative marine fungi normally occupy terrestrial or freshwater habitats, but are capable of living or even sporulating in a marine habitat. (2016), 112 isolates were able to degrade xylan. Microbiol. Nearly 530 species of marine fungi reported from India included in 321 genera. What cool chemical compounds are they hiding? NCi6 in comparison with the amount of putative algae polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (Supplementary Table 2). isolated from an obligate marine fungus, the compound had been previously isolated from a terrestrial species (Kupka et al., 1981). Mar. (2015). A thermostable metal-tolerant laccase with bioremediation potential from a marine-derived fungus. Thus, the marine laccases, peroxidases, and tannases could be of great interest in both biotechnology and ecology in the cases where a high concentration of salts are required, particularly in the extremely cold environments (Kamei et al., 2008; Raghukumar, 2008; Pang et al., 2011; Bonugli-Santos et al., 2010; Menezes et al., 2010; Feng et al., 2013; Sette and Santos, 2013). About 444 species of marine fungi have been described, including seven genera and ten species of basidiomycetes, and 177 g… Molecular diversity and distribution of marine fungi across 130 European environmental samples. The higher xylanase activity was registered at the enzymatic production of reducing-sugar ends from birchwood xylan, oat spelts xylan, and wheat arabinoxylan (Supplementary Table 1). Marine fungi have been classified as either obli-gate or facultative: obligate marine fungi grow exclu-sively in a marine habitat, whereas facultative marine fungi are of freshwater or terrestrial origin but are able to thrive in marine environments [7–9]. J. Microsc. An enzyme with GH5 and GH26 catalytic domains that possessed beta-1,3-1,4-endoglucanase activity contained CBM11 (Carvalho et al., 2004). LF562 as well as isolates from other experiment, A. oryzae and Dendryphiella salina, produced biomass from alginate (Moen et al., 1995; Singh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2016). Up to the period of 1930-1939 there was only sporadic interest in marine fungi. Although the total number of fungi on earth is estimated to be about 1.5 million, only a meagre number of obligate marine fungi , about 450 mycenaean and 50 straminipilan fungi have been described so far. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.006, Baker, P. W., Kennedy, J., Morrissey, J., O’Gara, F., Dobson, A. D., and Marchesi, J. R. (2010). 21, 1182–1189. 6, 37–53. Marine Mycology: The Higher Fungi deals with the higher marine fungi, i.e., Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. J63. Commun. 74, 2709–2716. Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments. These belong mostly to ascomycetes (Fig. Res. J. Mol. Nadu, T., Immaculatejeyasanta, K., Madhanraj, P., Patterson, J., and Panneerselvam, A. doi: 10.1134/S0006297913070079, Spatafora, J. W., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., and Kohlmeyer, J. 99, 1011–1020. Novel cold-adaptive Penicillium strain FS010 secreting thermo-labile xylanase isolated from Yellow Sea. obligate marine fungi belonging to the Fungi have been reported so far (Hyde et al., 2000). (2017). 5, 765–774. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.02.025, Ulaganathan, T., Boniecki, M. T., Foran, E., Buravenkov, V., Mizrachi, N., Banin, E., et al. and Chaetomium sp. Mar. Phycol. KF525 could additionally produce biomass from the sulfated galactans, agar and carrageenan (Supplementary Table 1). Sci. doi: 10.3390/md9020196, Jones, E. B. G., Suetrong, S., Sakayaroj, J., Bahkali, A. H., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., Boekhout, T., et al. The high levels of mannanase activity comparable to the cellulase and xylanase activities were determined in all 11 marine fungal strains studied by Arfi et al. Fucoidanases. The ascomycetes Cladosporium cucumerinum MUT 4296, Pleosporales sp. Familiar examples of ascomycetes include morels, truffles, brewer's and baker’s yeast, Dead Man's Fingers, and cup fungi. Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments. However, the use of cellulose in the growth medium as the sole carbon source can provide an increase of cellulolytic enzymes synthesis in fungi (Hong et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2015). Appl. However, there are enzymes with unique structures and specificities related to the substrates of marine origin such as the recently determined fucoidanases of the GH107 family, α-agarases of the GH117 family, or ulvan lyases of PL24 and PL25 families predominantly occurred in marine bacteria (Supplementary Table 2b and Figure 1). doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.07.014, Borines, M. G., de Leon, R. L., and McHenry, M. P. (2011). What information do we collect? 30:5859. doi: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.5859, Panno, L., Bruno, M., Voyron, S., Anastasi, A., Gnavi, G., Miserere, L., et al. 29, 719–739. LiP is a heme protein with a high oxidation potential to be able to oxidize phenolic and non-phenolic substrates. Genome Announc. Xylanases are used concurrently with cellulases and pectinases for clarifying juices, the liquefaction of vegetables and fruits as well as in the pretreatment of forage crops to improve the digestibility of ruminant feeds and to facilitate composting (Nadu et al., 2011; Goddard-Borger et al., 2012). doi: 10.1128/AEM.02257-07, Keeling, P., Leander, B. S., and Simpson, A. Iran. Microbiol. doi: 10.1126/science.1221748, Gao, B., Jin, M., Li, L., Qu, W., and Zeng, R. (2017). Various forms of xylanases exist in nature, which belong to the GH families 1, 3, 10, 11, 30, 39, 43, 51 with the predominance of GHs 10, 11 and 30 in fungi. The facultative fungal endophyte Fusarium moniliforme isolated from decaying leaves of mangrove plants in the saline detritus-rich mud of a mangrove estuary on the west coast of India was a highly pectinolytic producer (Niturea et al., 2008). Diversity, ecological role and potential biotechnological applications of marine fungi associated to the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Fungi function as parasites at many trophic levels. obligate marine fungi, for those growing exclusively in a marine habitat, and facultative marine fungi, for those isolated from the freshwater or terrestrial origin, and also from the marine environment. That’s basically what these fungi do in soils, entwining the nematodes with their rope-like hyphae and choking the poor worms to death. Aspergillus terreus MUT 271, T. harzianum MUT 290 and Penicillium citreonigrum MUT 267 showed a high decolorization percentage (DP ≥ 68%) of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) with the highest decrease of hydrocarbon compounds (up to 40%) for A. terreus MUT 271 (Bovio et al., 2017). Arfi, Y., Chevret, D., Henrissat, B., Berrin, J. G., Levasseur, A., and Record, E. (2013). Independent terrestrial origins of the Halosphaeriales (marine Ascomycota). A large number of obligate marine fungi thrive on mangrove wood, pneumatophores and submerged mangrove leaf litter. The fungal life cycle and mediating interactions between the fungus and host have led to the evolution of biochemical pathways for the synthesis of unusual secondary metabolites that have found many potential applications in anticancer and antimicrobial studies (Yarden, 2014; Hasan et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Deshmukh et al., 2017). Indian J. Appl. Only Calcarisporium sp. Only the cellulolytic activity of Penicillium chrysogenum increased with a salinity 0.5 M at pH 7–8 that corresponds to the values of the ocean. Energy Res. The isolates of A. niger, Penicillium documbens and Cochliobolus lunatus collected from Pensacola beach (Gulf of Mexico) had the ability to degrade crude oil in the presence of redox indicator, decreasing the hydrocarbon weight approximately by up to 10 % during 7 days (Al-Nasrawi, 2012). (1979) stated that marine fungi can be categorized into two groups, namely the obligate marine fungi which are able to grow and sporulate exclusively in marine and estuarine habitat; and facultative marine fungi which originated from freshwater and terrestrial habitats but are able to grow and possibly sporulate in marine … Flavobacterium ahnfeltiae sp. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that early fungi evolved digesting cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants. Facultative marine fungi have physiologically adapted to the marine environment and can grow and most likely sporulate in seawater, yet may originate from terrestrial and freshwater habitats. doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12087, Menezes, C. B. Biol. Receive both the printed Magazine mailed to you monthly as well as access to all our... READ MORE, Over the years, Texas Saltwater Fishing Magazine has been the source of some of the most valuable advice, articles, tips and reviews related to fishing the Gulf Coast... READ MORE, Our user's privacy is important to us at TSF Magazine. Biochem. Microbiol., 10 July 2018 Appl. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M405867200, Chamorro, S., Viveros, A., Alvarez, I., Vega, E., and Brenes, A. Rev. Int. The results showed that 16 β-glucosidases of the GH1, and 6 glucan β-1,3-glucosidases of the GH5 family involved in cell wall biogenesis/degradation was significantly up-regulated. 5:19. doi: 10.1186/s13568-015-0106-7, Payne, C. M., Knott, B. C., Mayes, H. B., Hansson, H., Himmel, M. E., Sandgren, M., et al. Thomas, L., Joseph, A., Singhania, R. R., Patel, A. K., and Pandey, A. A., Vieira, J. M. F., Videira, A., Meirelles, L. A., Rodrigues, A., Taniwaki, M. H., et al. Fungi are thought to have a relatively high tolerance to hydrocarbons, and more than 100 genera are known to play important roles in biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soils and sediments. FEBS Lett. 164, 612–628. Although the strain S. brevicaulis LF580 was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine sponge, it was fully equipped with putative enzymes involved in cellulose degradation similarly to other ascomycetes able to modify or deconstruct plant material (Supplementary Tables 1, 2). B., Tardioli, P. W., Neto, V. B., and Couri, S. (2010). … Both fungi appeared to be appropriately labeled “marine,” judging by criteria currently in general use. By contrast, obligate marine fungi originate from … Indian J. Microbiol. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 608. doi: 10.1002/9781119977087, Kirikyali, N., and Connerton, I. F. (2015). Ecol. doi: 10.2307/2446483. Soc. The marine-derived strains Basidiomycete MEG2, Pezizomycetes CMCA22 and GPG3 showed an increased the EG activity at low temperatures with the addition of sophorose precursor, cellobiose (Alsheikh-Hussain et al., 2014). 1A) and a few basidio-mycetes. Sci. Indian J. Mar. Obligate marine fungi are those that grow and create spores exclusively in a marine or estuarine habitat, either permanently or intermittently submerged; these fungi would not survive in fresh water or on land. Originally appearing in “Diversity and potential antifungal properties of fungi associated with a Mediterranean sponge” (Fungal Diversity) by Paz, Z., Komon-Zelazowska, M., Druzhinina, I.S. Front. Schematic representation of algae cell wall polysaccharides and corresponding polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. The halotolerant enzymes from marine fungi may be of great interest in industries where NaCl inhibits their terrestrial counterparts from basidiomycetes, for example in textile wastewaters (Zilly et al., 2011). Brown seaweeds were reported to contain about 14% of extra carbohydrates in the form of alginate associated with phenolic compounds (Synytsya et al., 2015; Deniaud-Bouet et al., 2017; Raimundo et al., 2017). The utilization of laminarin, starch, and xylan by Calcarisporium sp. 85, 1569–1580. The fungal pectinolytic enzymes that degrade multiple pectic molecules have been suggested to be good indicators of the association between fungi and the land plant lineage (Chang et al., 2015). as an important candidates for biofuel production (Mukherjee et al., 2016). Feng, X., Chen, H., Xue, D., and Yao, S. (2013). (2011). Received: 15 March 2018; Accepted: 19 June 2018;Published: 10 July 2018. Although the marine fungi Isaria felina (accepted name Beauveria felina) and S. brevicaulis grew well on the submerged rice bran without the addition of salts, they exhibited mainly the β-1,3-glucanase and polymannuronate lyase activities reached for 7 days to 600 U/mg and 280 U/mg, respectively (Balabanova et al., 2018). doi: 10.1021/ja211836t, Guillén, D., Sánchez, S., and Rodríguez-Sanoja, R. (2010). Energy Rev. 75, 6415–6421. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100802, Richards, T. A., Leonard, G., Mahe, F., del Campo, J., Romac, S., Jones, M. D. M., et al. (2015). Lignincola is an example of another cosmopolitan genus of obligate marine fungi of the Halosphaeriaceae, composed of four taxa (although taxonomic placement of two of the species within the genus remains tentative), that occur on submerged and intertidal woody substrata in both temperate and tropical waters (Kohlmeyer 1984; Jones et al. There remains more questions than answers. Avaialable at: http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3/2009.10.28, Kim, S.-K. (2011). J. Bioremediat. The degrading activities toward β-1,6-bonds remain poorly known and are found in GH5, -13, -30 of marine origins, and in a new GH131 family of fungal proteins (Supplementary Table 2b). The plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes were also predominant in Pestalotiopsis sp. New Biotechnol. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. Complete genome sequence and transcriptomic analysis of a novel marine strain Bacillus weihaiensis reveals the mechanism of brown algae degradation. (2005). Appl. These polysaccharides consist of α–1,3-backbone or repeating disaccharide units of α–1,3- and α–1,4-bound fucose residues branching at the C2 positions and sulfated at the C4 and/or C2 positions. (2014). A., Nixon, B. T., and Fortwendel, J. R. (2016). OH vi) Current status of marine myeochemisny Overall, research on marine-derived fungi has led to the discovery of more than 1000 new natural products including many that have novel carbon … The redox indicator DCPIP (redox potential +0.217 V) is used for the rapid and simple colorimetric determination of the different types of oil biodegradation profiles for the hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms based on the decoloration of reduced molecules of the substrate (Bidoia et al., 2010). Extremophiles 5, 21–26. More than 80% of the marine fungi belong to the group Ascomycota. Solid-state fermentation of soybean and corn processing coproducts for potential feed improvement. 27, 811–815. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.12.007, Keywords: filamentous fungi, marine-derived fungi, glycoside hydrolases, algae polysaccharides, plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes, lignocellulolytic enzymes, Citation: Balabanova L, Slepchenko L, Son O and Tekutyeva L (2018) Biotechnology Potential of Marine Fungi Degrading Plant and Algae Polymeric Substrates. 288, 28078–28088. Microbiol. Similarly, Ascochyta salicorniae (from a genus of ascomycete fungi) produces a compound which could have anti-malarial effects. LB and LS wrote the review. Faten, A. M., and Abeer, A. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.05.006, Konno, N., Ishida, T., Igarashi, K., Fushinobu, S., Habu, N., Samejima, M., et al. 9:1527. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01527. Obligate marine fungi are cultured directly from their sporulating structures in decomposing wood and other substrates. Marine fungi also produced enzymatically active cellulases and laccases, or some specific GHs related to the marine origin, when agricultural plant or waste (cotton seed, sugarcane bagasse, rice bran, waste paper, cellulose, sisal waste, molasses spent wash, black liquor, etc. Considering the importance of cellulases with the alkaline pH-optimums in craft pulping industries, screening of the marine-derived endophytes and wood litter fungi has been carried out in the mangrove ecosystem of the Goa coast using agro-wastes (Ravindran et al., 2010). Solid state fermentation (SSF)-derived cellulase for saccharification of the green seaweed Ulva for bioethanol production. (2016). This suggests that the marine strain S. brevicaulis LF580 may be able to degrade a larger variety of plant substrates than some terrestrial lignocellulolytic fungi (Kumar et al., 2015). CBMAI 1328 and Arthopyrenia sp. “The term A. salicorniae was mass cultivated and found to produce the unprecedented and structurally unusual tetramic acid containing metabolites ascosalipyrrolidinones A (1) and B (2). Res. doi: 10.1007/s10126-009-9187-0, Eder, M., and Lütz-Meindl, U. L. (2008). Sci. Biotechnol. LS drew Figure 1 and assisted in the preparation of Supplementary Table 1. Microbiol. KF525, S. brevicaulis LF580, and Tritirachium sp. Technol. The chemical composition and content of seaweed polysaccharides changes depending on the seasons, age, species, and location (Kim, 2011). Microb. The plant facultative endophytic fungi showed a highest number of CAZymes. Definition noun, plural: obligate aerobes An aerobe that requires oxygen for aerobic respiration. tain obligate marine fungi, terrestrial fungi and those that can survive, or at least tolerate both environments to some degree. Mar. The microbial producers of fucoidanases are rare and the enzyme properties are poor studied despite the biotechnology potential of fucoidans (Ermakova et al., 2015; Trincone, 2018). The Paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. 11, 725–737. (2009). Many of these belong to the straminipilan fungi and are widespread in the sea. S.-K. Se-Kwon Kim (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 543–590. Rep 6:38248. doi: 10.1038/srep38248, Zilly, A., da Silva Coelho-Moreira, J., Bracht, A., Marques de Souza, C. G., Carvajal, A. E., Koehnlein, E. A., et al. Several CAZymes from the families GH11, -82, and GH50, -86, -117, -118 found in bacteria are known to contain activities related to carrageenase and agarase, respectively (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 2b). It has been shown that while fucose was well consumed by several fungal species, their growth on fucoidan did not allow the biomass production, indicating the absence of fucoidanases in these marine fungi (Wang et al., 2016). (2015). grew with carrageenan as the sole carbon source, 10 of which produced the largest mycelial biomass. 30, 685–694. BMC Microbiol. (2016). Protoplasma 997–1016. Genomewide analysis of polysaccharides degrading enzymes in 11 white- and brown-rot Polyporales provides insight into mechanisms of wood decay. 109, 112–120. 12, 1–4. A number of algal parasites were described at the beginning of the twentieth century. It is known that at least 35 GH, 3 CE and 6 PL families are involved in plant polysaccharide degradation (van den Brink and de Vries, 2011). The capability of metabolic utilization of plant or macroalgae polysaccharides allows for an increase in the production of fungal biomass enriched by mycelium proteins and extracellular enzymes that can be used in animal or fish feeding, or in the bioremediation of soils and water (Supplementary Table 1). However, the sequence similarity-based approach continues to reveal the fungal taxonomic classification that should adequately reflect their ecology and chemical potential (Reich and Labes, 2017). (2013). Thirunavukkarasu, N., Jahnes, B., Broadstock, A., Rajulu, M. B. G., Murali, T. S., Gopalan, V., et al. In addition, the absence of simple methods for quantitative determination of the fucoidanase activity and the use of structurally uncharacterized fucans hamper exploring fucoidanases and finding the new enzymes (Ermakova et al., 2015). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63662-1.00006-3, Trincone, A. Secondary metabolites of fungi from marine habitats. doi: 10.1007/s10126-011-9392-5, Barnes, N. M., Khodse, V. B., Lotlikar, N. P., Meena, R. M., and Damare, S. R. (2018). Xylanases of marine fungi of potential use for biobleaching of paper pulp. Biotechnol. Solis, M. J. L., Draeger, S., and dela Cruz, T. E. E. (2010). MG-60 was stimulated in nitrogen-limited medium containing 3% (wt/vol) sea salts that increased the total MnP activity compared to the activity in a non-saline medium (Kamei et al., 2008). The new multigene transcripts of lignolytic laccases were found in the marine-derived basidiomycete Peniophora sp. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00035-14, Sathya, R., and Ushadevy, T. (2013). Microbiol. Texas' Only 100% Pure Saltwater Fishing Magazine. Carbohydr. Thus, the possibility of the secondary colonization of fungi from land to marine ecosystems cannot be excluded. Family 6 CBMs are appropriate receptors for laminarin due to the presence of multiple distinct ligand binding sites (van Bueren et al., 2005). doi: 10.1007/s10126-002-0070-2, Carvalho, A. L., Goyal, A., Prates, J. doi: 10.1515/bot.2010.071, Sova, V. V., Pesentseva, M. S., Zakharenko, A. M., Kovalchuk, S. N., and Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2013). Science 336, 1715–1719. (2017). Among the extracellular enzymes of 90 marine fungal strains degrading polysaccharides, amylases and β-1,3-glucanases were most widespread, particularly in the genera Fusarium, Geomyces, and Echinobotrium, whereas the enzymes cleaving CM-cellulose, agar, and fucoidan were rare (Burtseva et al., 2003). Mar. Chem. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2009.233, Kohout, P., Sýkorová, Z., Ctvrtlíková, M., Rydlová, J., Suda, J., Vohník, M., et al. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several cases of seagrass local mycosis were also identified. De novo assembly and genome analyses of the marine-derived Scopulariopsis brevicaulis strain LF580 unravels life-style traits and anticancerous scopularide biosynthetic gene cluster. Genetic engineering of Trichoderma reesei cellulases and their production. According to a commonly accepted definition, they are divided into obligate marine fungi, which grow and sporulate exclusively in the marine or estuarine environment, and facultative marine fungi, which may grow in marine … In the same way, low molecular weight carbohydrates produced during destruction of polymers could induce the expression of other CAZyme genes (Coradetti et al., 2012; Hori et al., 2013; Mukherjee et al., 2016). Cultivating the marine fungi on the different plant and algal substrates induced also the production of proteases, amylases, glucanases, xylanase, pectinases, and lipases (Nadu et al., 2011; De Souza et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; Balabanova et al., 2018). doi: 10.1590/S1517-838246220140359, Del-Cid, A., Ubilla, P., Ravanal, M. C., Medina, E., Vaca, I., Levicán, G., et al. Genome Biol. “Ligninolytic enzymes from marine-derived fungi: production and applications,” in Marine Enzymes for Biocatalysis: Sources Elsevier (New York, NY: Elsevier), 403–427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140398, Kusaykin, M. I., Silchenko, A. S., Zakharenko, A. M., and Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2016). “The macroalgal ecosystem,” in Fungi in Coastal and Oceanic Marine Ecosystems. U.S.A. 109, 7397–7402. Yeasts lost almost all of their pectinases as they adopted to consume simple sugars (Chang et al., 2015). PLoS One 7:e49679. 4, 1385–1387. Marine Fungi as a Source of Secondary Metabolites of Antibiotics 279 4. Mar. Eukaryota, Organisms with Nucleated Cells. Microbiol. A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases. The activities of marine fungi cultured in non-marine media were comparable to the reported values of the terrestrial wood-decaying fungi (Hong et al., 2015). Sin. (2015). 9 Briefly, obligate marine fungi grow and sporulate in a marine environment while facultative marine fungi are from terrestrial or freshwater habitats, but may also grow in the marine environment. Marine fungi as a potential source of enzymes and antibiotics. However, even a combination of cultures, microscopy, and DNA-based methods have determined that the vast majority of fungi identified from marine environments belong to Dikarya. The presence of numerous cellulose- and xylan-degrading enzymes of the GH5, GH3, GH16, GH43 families allow considering the strains of Arthrinium spp. Characterization of salt-adapted secreted lignocellulolytic enzymes from the mangrove fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. *Correspondence: Larissa Balabanova, balaban@piboc.dvo.ru, Front. Other marine species are saprophytic, obtaining their nutrition from decaying matter, such as dead wood and animals. (2018). Approximately 50% of 88 the tested strains were able to decolorize the dyes extensively (DP > 50%) at concentrations 15 and 30 g/l of salts. (2009). (2014). 289, 6199–6211. Bioethanol production from farming non-food macroalgae in Pacific island nations: chemical constituents, bioethanol.

obligate marine fungi

Doha Weather Today, Vector Data Analytics, Location Pin Symbol, North American River Otter Habitat, Quaker Chicken Coop Plans, Pure Henna Powder Australia, Kwh To Heat 1 Litre Of Water, Meet Me At The Bottom Bring Me My Running Shoes, Cascade 220 Superwash Canada, Casio Privia 860,
obligate marine fungi 2020